Structuralism

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 ÷ªvKPvivwjRg : wPýgq RMZ/

m‡¼Zgq Rxeb

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÷ªvKPvivwjRg GKwU †eŠw×K Av‡›`vjb hv 1950-Gi `k‡K d«v‡Ý ïi“ nq Ges cÖ_g j¶ Kiv hvq b„weÁvbx †jwf ÷ªm (1908-) Ges mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK †ivjuv ev‡Z©i (1915-1980) iPbvq|³ ÷ªvKPvivwjRg‡K GKK g~j aviYvq msw¶ßKiY Kiv KwVb| ZeyI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h Gi mvieË¡v n‡jv : †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e eySv hvq bv- GB wek¦vm| Zv‡K eyS‡Z †M‡j Zv hvi Ask, Zvi e„nËi KvVv‡gvi (structure) cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB eyS‡Z n‡e| GR‡b¨B G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ÷ªvKPvivwjRg| evsjvq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i KvVv‡gvev`| KvVv‡gvev`x aviYvmg~n 1960-Gi `k‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K d«vÝ †_‡K e„‡Ub Ges hy³iv‡óª ågY Kiv ïi“ K‡i g~jZ wek¦we`¨vjq A½‡b cÖPvwiZ, AbykxwjZ nevi R‡b¨|<sup>4</sup> 1980-Gi `k‡Ki w`‡K e¨vcK cÖfve, L¨vwZ Ges GgbwK KzL¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| e„‡Ub Ges hy³iv‡óª  ÷ªvKPvivwjR‡gi AvMg‡bi d‡j mvwnZ¨ I mgv‡jvPbvi RM‡Z weZ‡K©i So I‡V, GKvi‡Y †h, GB †`k¸‡jvi mvwnZ¨ cv‡V HwZn¨MZfv‡e e‡ov weg~Z© wel‡q Lye Aí AvMÖn Av‡Q, hv Avevi KvVv‡gvev`xiv DÌvcb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jv| ÷ªvKPvivwjRg Bs‡iwR cv‡Vi aviv‡K D‡ë w`‡q‡Q, Aa©kZK a‡i wcÖq wn‡k‡e MY¨ aviYvmg~n‡K Aeg~j¨vqb K‡i‡Q `xN©-`wgZ wKQy wRÁvmv DÌvc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †hgb : mvwnZ¨ ej‡Z wK eySvq ? AvL¨vb¸‡jv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i? Kvwe¨K KvVv‡gv wK? ⁵

hw`I ÷ªvKPvivwjRg 1950 Ges 1960-Gi `k‡K m~wPZ I weKwkZ nIqv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jv, Z_vwcI ejv P‡j Gi g~j †cÖvw_Z wQ‡jv myBm fvlv weÁvbx dvw`©bv›` `¨ m¨my‡ii (1857-1913) fvebvq| fvlv Aa¨q‡bi AvaywbK avivmg~‡ni weKv‡k m¨myi wQ‡jb Pvwe-e¨w³Z¡| Dwbk kZ‡Ki fvlv weÁvbxiv †hLv‡b cÖavbZ fvlvi HwZnvwmK w`K¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i Drmvnx wQ‡jb, m¨myi †mLv‡b Zvi cwie‡Z© Aaybv e¨eüZ fvlvi ixwZ Ges Kvh©cÖYvjxi Ici g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡ib Ges e¨vKiwYK KvVv‡gvi Kv‡h©i Ges wKfv‡e A_© eRvq _v‡K Ges cÖwZôZ nq, Zvi Ici AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| m¨myi fvlvZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© cÖK…Zc‡¶ hv e‡jwQ‡jb Zv‡K wZbfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gZ, m¨myi ¸i“Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb †h Avgiv k‡ãi †h A_© cÖ`vb Kwi Zv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c A‡hŠw³K Ges GB A_©¸‡jv ïaygvÎ cÖ_vi Øviv eRvq _v‡K| ej‡Z †M‡j kã n‡jv AcÖ‡Yvw`Z wPý (unmotivated signs) GB A‡_© †h, kã Ges kã hv wb‡`©k K‡i, G `y‡qi †fZ‡i †Kv‡bv mnRvZ m¤úK© †bB| D`vniY¯^iƒc 'hut' kãwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Zvi A‡_©i Kv‡Q h_vh_ bq Ges mKj fvlvZvwË¡K wPýB Gi g‡Zv A‡hŠw³K wKsev †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z| KvVv‡gvev`xiv me©`vB G e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx †_‡K‡Q †h, wPýc×wZ wn‡k‡e fvlv hw` G ai‡bi A‡hŠw³KZvi Ici wbf©ikxj nq Zvn‡j Zvi A_© n‡e fvlv c„w_exi Ges AwfÁZvi †Kv‡bv cÖwZdjb bq, eis fvlv Ggb GK c×wZ hv GwU †_‡K m¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿| wØZxqZ, m¨myi ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i e‡jb †h, k‡ãi A_©mg~n n‡jv mv¤úwK©K, m¨my‡ii fvlvq (relational) A_©vr †Kv‡bv kãB Ab¨vb¨ k‡ãi KvQ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q mÁvwqZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †h †Kv‡bv cÖ`Ë k‡ãi msÁv Zvi mv‡_ Ab¨ ci¯úi msjMœ k‡ãi m¤ú‡K©i Ici wbf©i K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc 'hut'  kãwU Zvi h_v_©  A‡_©i R‡b¨ GKwU ÔwmbU¨vM‡gwUK †PB‡bÕ Zvi Ae¯’v‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| KvR I A‡_©i w`K †_‡K m¤úwK©Z kãmg~n wkKje× nq, hvi cÖ‡Z¨K kã GKwU cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv k‡ãi weKí n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î wmbU¨vM‡gwUK wkKjwU wbæiƒc n‡Z cv‡i| hovel shed hut house mansion palace k㸇jvi †h †Kv‡bv GKwUi A_© cwiewZ©Z n‡e hw` Ab¨¸‡jvi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU‡K H wkKj †_‡K miv‡bv nq| Gfv‡e 'hut' Ges 'shed' DfqB †Qv‡Uv Ges g~j KvVv‡gv, wKš‘ Zviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKB wRwbm bq| GKwU g~jZ Avkª‡qi (shelter) R‡b¨ Ges Ab¨wU ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi (storage) R‡b¨| Ab¨wU Qvov cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡KB D³ Dfq A_©B aviY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m Kvi‡YB GKwU c„_K kã n‡e| GKBfv‡e 'mansion' kãwU GKwU Avevm wn‡k‡e msÁvwqZ n‡Z cv‡i hv GKwU 'house' †_‡K e„nËi Ges c~Y©Zi wKš‘ 'palace' Gi g‡Zv e‡ov ev c~Y© bq| Gfv‡e Avgiv 'mansion'  †K msÁvwqZ Kwi wKfv‡e Gi A_© Gi Dfq cv‡k¦©i k‡ãi A‡_©i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z nq, Zv e¨vL¨vi Øviv| hw` Avgv‡`i †Rvov wecixZ kã _v‡K, Z‡e kãmg~‡ni GB cvi¯úwiK msÁvqbKvix w`KwU GgbwK AwaKZi ¯úóZ cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| `„óvš—¯^iƒc Ôcyi“lÕ Ges ÔbvixÕ kã `y‡Uvi A_© Av‡ivwcZ n‡q‡Q g~jZ Zv‡`i cv¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ| cÖ‡Z¨‡K Ab¨wUi g‡a¨ mshy³ ˆewkó¨vewji Abycw¯’wZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv‡Z K‡i Ôcyi“l‡KÕ cÖavbZ ÔA-gwnjvÕ A‡_© †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Acic‡¶I Abyiƒc| GKBfv‡e ivZ m¤úwK©Z avibv Qvov w`‡bi †Kv‡bv avibv Avgv‡`i _vK‡Z cv‡i bv wKsev _vK‡Z cv‡i bv Ôg›`Õi †Kv‡bv aviYv Qvov Ôfv‡jvÕi †Kv‡bv avibv| fvlvi GB mv¤úwK©K 'relational' w`KwU m¨my‡ii GK weL¨vZ gš—‡e¨i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q : fvlvq Ôw¯’ZÕ kãmn~n Qvov †Kewj cv_©K¨mg~nB Av‡Q|<sup>6</sup> mKj kãB Gfv‡e c„_KxKi‡Yi Rv‡j Ave×| Z…ZxqZ, m¨myi g‡b K‡ib †h, fvlv Avgv‡`i wek¦‡K MVb K‡i, GwU †KejgvÎ wek¦‡K wjwce× K‡ibv wKsev †gvo‡K Av”Qvw`Z K‡ibv| A_© me©`vB gbyl¨ gb Øviv e¯‘ wKsev avibvi Ici Av‡ivwcZ nq Ges fvlvi Øviv MwVZ Ges fvlvi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU KL‡bvB welqwUi †fZ‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨B a„Z bq, GB cÖwµqvi eûj cwiwPZ D`vniY n‡jv mš¿vmx Ges Ôgyw³‡hv×vÕi g‡Zv †Rvov weK‡íi †fZiKvi wbe©vPb| GB iK‡gi GKRb e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k Kievi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv wbi‡c¶ wKsev e¯‘wbô Dcvq †bB| `„wófw½, Av`k©, g~j¨‡eva cÖf…wZ cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y GKB e¨w³ wfbœR‡bi Kv‡Q wfbœfv‡e cÖwZfvZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, cÖ‡Z¨K M‡íiB wZbwU K‡i fvl¨ _v‡K, h_v, †Zvgvi fvl¨, Avgvi fvl¨, Ges mZ¨| wKš‘ GLv‡b welqwU Av‡iv RwUj G Kvi‡Y †h me jf¨ kãB cy‡ivcywi fvlvZvwË¡K-GB welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv mZ¨ †bB hv wbwðZfv‡e fvlvi evB‡i _v‡K|

†hLv‡bB ZvKvB Avgiv †`wL fvlv Gfv‡eB wek¦ M‡o Zzj‡Q, Gi cÖwZdjb NUv‡”Q bv| `„óvš—¯^iƒc, i‡Oi R‡b¨ kãmg~n †KejgvÎ GKwU ev¯—eZv ˆZwi K‡i, Zviv †mB wRwb‡mi K_v e‡j bv hv †mLv‡b Av‡Q| eY©vjx †KejB mvZwU g~j i‡O wef³ bq, me¸‡jv iOB ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ A½xf‚Z n‡q hvq| myZivs Avgv‡`i mvZwUi e`‡j †PŠÏwU bvg _vK‡Z cvi‡Zv| Av‡iKwU D`vniY Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i †mB me k‡ãi Øviv †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Avgiv eQ‡ii FZzM‡jv‡K AwfwnZ K‡i _vwK| Avgv‡`i PviwU ¯^Zš¿ bvg Av‡Q| (†hgb, emš—, MÖx¯§ BZ¨vw`) wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ eQi µgvMZ AvewZ©Z nq †Kv‡bv iK‡gi weiwZ ev P‚ovš— cwieZ©b QvovB| ev¯—‡e GwU Pvi fv‡M wef³ bq| †K‡bv QqwU wKsev AvUwU FZz †bB ?(Aek¨ evsjv‡`‡k QqwU FZz) mviv eQi a‡iB †h‡nZz µgvMZ cwieZ©b P‡j ZvB †h †Kv‡bv RvqMv‡ZB wefw³¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e FZzmg~n eQi‡K †`Lvi GKwU DcvqgvÎ| cÖK…wZi e¯‘wbô †Kv‡bv NUbv bq| myZivs m¨my‡ii fvebvq G welq‡K †Rvi †`qv nq †h, fvlv A‡hŠw³K (arbitrary), mv¤úw©K©K (relational) Ges MVbg~jK (constitutive)| fvlv m¤ú‡K© GB fvebvaviv KvVv‡gvev`x‡`i Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jv KviY, GwU Zv‡`i Ggwb GK c×wZi bgybv w`‡qwQ‡jv hv Av‡eMZvwoZ bq Ges †hLv‡b ¯^Zš¿ c`mg~n Ab¨vb¨ c‡`i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z n‡q e„nËi KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zv‡j| m¨myi e¯‘Z, KvVv‡gvi cÖwZ AvMÖnx wQ‡jb hv mKj fvlvi g~‡j _v‡K|⁷ m¨my‡ii m„wó Av‡iKwU cv_©K¨ KvVv‡gvev`x‡`i e„nËi KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© fvebvi c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jv, hv mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K| wZwb j¨vM (langue) I c¨v‡ivj (parole) kã `y‡Uv e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb ch©vqµ‡g fvlv‡K GKw`‡K GKwU c×wZ wKsev KvVv‡gv wn‡k‡e Ges Ab¨w`‡K H fvlvq cÖ`Ë D”PviY wn‡k‡e kbv³ Kievi R‡b¨| c¨v‡ivj wKsev evPb (speech) n‡jv Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi fvlv, hvi Ici cÖv_wgK fvlv weÁvbxiv g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ m¨myi †mB ZvwË¡K c×wZ‡Z AvMÖnx wQ‡jb hv mKj fvlv wKsev j¨vM‡K A_©vr fvlv‡K Aw¯—Z¡kxj Ges wµqvkxj n‡Z mvnvh¨Kvix wbqgbxwZ MVb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b KvVv‡gvev`xiv ¯^Zš¿ mvwnZ¨Kg©‡K mvwnwZ¨K c¨v‡iv‡ji bgybv wn‡k‡e †`‡L j¨vM-c¨v‡iv‡ji cv_©K¨‡K e¨envi K‡ib|

Rxeb m¤ú‡K© K_v ejvi R‡b¨ Avgiv fvlv e¨envi Kwi| wKš‘ m¨myi fvlvi GB Avwfm¤§wÜK ¸i“‡Z¡i cÖwZ AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv| wZwb Ab¨Î †SuvK w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z fvlv wb‡Ri Af¨š—ixY wbqgvejx Øviv cwiPvwjZ GKwX ¯^qsm¤ú~Y c×wZ| c„w_ex‡Z e¯‘i Aw¯—Z¡ fvlvi cÖK…wZ wba©viY K‡i bv ; c¶vš—‡i, kã n‡jv Ab¨vb¨ kã †_‡K cv_©‡K¨i Øviv msÁvwqZ cy‡ivcywi GK †Lqvwj wPý| fvlv dg©, †Kv‡bv mvie¯‘ bq|<sup>8</sup> m¨my‡ii ÔwPývqKÕ (signifier) Ges ÔwPývwqZÕ (signified)-Gi †fZ‡i cv_©‡K¨i w`KwU kbv³ Ki‡j Av‡jvP¨ welqwU ¯úóZi n‡e| kã wb‡RB ÔwPývqKÕ| Avevi kã †h avibv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv n‡jv ÔwPývwqZÕ| G `ywU g~jZ Avjv`v n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ KvVv‡gvev` GB ÔwPývqKÕ Ges ÔwPývwq‡ZÕi Kvh©µg Ges cÖ‡f` msµvš— wel‡q mswk­ó| m¨my‡ii cÖavb M‡elYvi welq n‡jv fvlvi Avš—i k„•Ljv e¨vL¨v Kiv| fvlv weÁv‡bi †fZi w`‡q KvVv‡gvev‡`i m~ÎcvZ aiv n‡jI wbw`©óZifv‡e m¨my‡ii Kv‡Ri K_vB D‡j­L Kiv we‡aq| Zuvi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx MÖš’ n‡jv Cours de linguistique generale (1915)| GB iPbvwU wek kZ‡Ki fvlvZ‡Ë¡i eywbqv` iPbv K‡i hv cieZ©x‡Z A‡bK mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q|<sup>9</sup> m¨myi fvlv weÁv‡b †h mKj †gŠwjK Ae`vb iv‡Lb Zv ms‡¶‡c wbæiƒc : K. wPý c×wZ wKsev KvVv‡gv wn‡k‡e fvlvi avibv m„wó, hvi ¯^Zš¿ Dcv`vbmg~n †KejgvÎ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g Ges evwn¨K ev¯—eZvi PvB‡Z cy‡iv c×wZi m¤ú‡K©i †fZi w`‡q eySv †h‡Z cv‡i| L. j¨vM Ges c¨v‡iv‡ji cv_©K¨ wbY©q ; j¨vM ej‡Z eySvq mgMÖ fvlv (h_v, divwm, Bs‡iwR, Rvg©vb cÖf…wZ), Ges c¨v‡ivj ej‡Z eySvq D”PviY, A_©vr j¨v‡Mi ¯^Zš¿ GKKmg~‡ni GKwU we‡kl e¨envi| M. Wvqv‡µvwbK Ges wmb‡µvwb‡Ki ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ wbY©q ; Wvqv‡µvwbK wb‡`©k K‡i fvlvi D™¢e I weKv‡ki HwZnvwmK Av‡jvPbv Ges wmb‡µvwbK wb‡`©k K‡i GKwU c×wZ wn‡k‡e fvlvi Rxe‡bi †h ‡Kv‡bv cÖ`Ë gyn~‡Z© Zvi Aa¨qb| m¨myi GB wmb‡µvwbK Aa¨q‡bi Ici AwaK ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| N. wmMwbdvqvi Ges wmMwbdv‡q‡Wi cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY|¹⁰

m¨my‡ii KvR cÖavbZ fvlvZ‡Ë¡i †fZ‡i mxwgZ _vK‡jI 1950-Gi `k‡K GB ai‡bi fvlvZvwË¡K c_ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi †fZ‡iI cÖhy³ nIqv ïi“ K‡i, we‡kl K‡i hLb m¨my‡ii avibvmg~n b„weÁvbx K¬` †jwf ÷ªm (1908-) KZ…©K M„nxZ nq|¹¹ †jwf ÷ªm cyiv‡Yi e¨vLvq KvVv‡gvev`x `„wófw½i cÖ‡qvM ïi“ K‡ib Zvi aª“c`x MÖš’ Anthropologie Structurale (1958)-G| wZwb civgk© †`b †h, GKwU cyivY Pµ¯’ cÖvwZw¯^K M‡íi (c¨v‡ivj) †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ Ges mnRvZ A_© wQ‡jv bv wKš‘, Zv‡K †Kej mgMÖ P‡µ (j¨vM) Zvi Ae¯’vb we‡ePbvi Ges †mB µ‡g †mB Mí Ges Ab¨v‡b¨i ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z eySv †h‡Zv|

BwWcvm-cyivY e¨vL¨vi †ejvq wZwb w_wem kn‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mgMÖ Mí-P‡µi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi †fZ‡iB †mB ¯^Zš¿ Mí ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| ÷ªm mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡K GK ai‡bi bgybv wn‡k‡e †`‡Lb Ges cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡ib †h, ÁvwZ‡Z¡i AvPi‡Yi aiY Ges cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Aw¯—Z¡ †hvM‡hv‡Mi c×wZ¸‡jvi Ici wbf©i K‡i, †h¸‡jv gvby‡li g‡b wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zvi K_v e‡j| Gfv‡e wZwb wPš—vi Ges K‡g©i aviv‡K we‡k­lY K‡ib| KvVv‡gvev‡`i Av‡iK w`K b¨v‡i‡UvjwRi Z‡Ë¡i weKv‡k ÷ª‡mi cyivY ZË¡mg‚n e¨vcK cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i‡Q|

÷ªvKPvivwjR‡gi cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii Av‡iKRb cÖavb PwiÎ wQ‡jb †iuvjv evZ© (1915-80) whwb AvaywbK ms¯‹…wZi mvaviY A½‡b KvVv‡gvev`x c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| 1957 mv‡j d«v‡Ý cÖKvwkZ Mythologies kxl©K GKwU ¶z`ª MÖ‡š’ wZwb GKRb mvs¯‹…wZK b„weÁvbxi `„wófw½‡Z 1950-Gi `k‡Ki AvaywbK d«v݇K cix¶v K‡ib| GLv‡b Ggb wKQy welq Av‡jvwPZ nq hv B‡Zvc~‡e© KL‡bv †eŠw×K we‡k­l‡Yi cÖwZcv`¨ nqwb| †hgb, ew·s Ges †imwj‡Oi cv_©K¨ ; Pc Ges wPc&m Lvevi ¸i“Z¡; w÷ªb Kv‡ii ÷vBj; wMÖZv Mv‡e©vi gy‡Li wm‡bgv- B‡gR; divwm cZvKv‡K Kzwb©kKvix R‰bK Avj‡Rixq ˆmwb‡Ki cwÎKv-Qwe cÖf…wZ| GB welq¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K eySevi PvweKvwV wn‡k‡e wZwb g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm Ges cÖZx‡Ki e„nËi KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡i Zv‡`i ¯’vcb K‡ib| GLv‡b ev‡Z©i c_ G‡Kev‡i aª“c`x KvVv‡gvev`xi c_ ; ¯^Zš¿ welq-KvVv‡gvi Øviv wbwg©Z wKsev cÖvmw½K…Z nq Ges GwU Kievi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ ¸i“‡Z¡i ¯—img~n cÖKvwkZ nq| hvB †nvK, †iuvjv ev‡Z©i KvVv‡gvev`x ZË¡mg~n mvgvwRK Abykxjb wn‡k‡e ÔfvlvÕ kãwUi GKwU AwZ mvaviY e¨¨L¨v cÖKvk K‡i| cÖ_gw`‡K evZ© gvK©mev`x wQ‡jb Ges cyivY I ÁvwZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wfbœ avibv wQ‡jv m¤¢eZ ey‡R©vqv Av`k© wn‡k‡e| wZwb we‡kl ai‡bi ivbœv Ges †cvkv‡Ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wQ‡jb| Zuvi Afxó wQ‡jv GKB iK‡gi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi avivi GK ai‡bi Ôe¨vKiYÕ I ÔevK¨ixwZÕ A‡š^lY| Lv`¨ Ges †cvkv‡Ki mv‡_ hy³ mvgvwRK PP©v¸‡jv‡K wZwb wPý c×wZ wn‡k‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib hv GKB g‡W‡ji Ic‡i fvlv wn‡k‡e KvR K‡i| Gfv‡e wZwb GB aviYv‡K we¯—…Z K‡ib †h, GKwU Ôe¯¿ c×wZÕ (garment system) fvlvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| †cvkvK cwi”Q` mvaviYZ †mB c×wZ hv‡K m¨myi ej‡eb Ôj¨vMÕ (langue) Ges Pgw¯‹ ej‡eb mvg_© (competence)| GKcÖ¯’ we‡kl †cvkvK GKwU ev‡K¨i mgvb hv‡K m¨myi e‡j‡Qb Ôc¨v‡ivjÕ Ges Pgw¯‹ e‡j‡Qb ÔK…wZZ¡Ô (performance)| GB ai‡bi c„_KZ¡ Lv‡`¨i †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨| Lv`¨mvgMÖx mvaviYZ c×wZ MVb K‡i, GKwU we‡kl †gby¨ Ges Lvevi ÔevK¨Õ MVb K‡i|

†bvqvg Pgw¯‹ (1928-) KvVv‡gvev`x Z‡Ë¡ Av‡iKwU Ae`vb iv‡Lb hv fvlvZ‡Ëi¡ R‡b¨ LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wZwb ÔDcwiKvVv‡gvÕ (surface structures) Ges Ôg~j KvVv‡gvÕi (deep structures) ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡ib| Dcwi KvVv‡gv kã I aŸwbi m¼jb Øviv MwVZ hv Avgiv GKwU ev‡K¨ ms‡hvRb Kwi Ges ïwb| Avi g~j KvVv‡gv n‡jv fvlvi weg~Z© Ges †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv| GKwU GKK ev‡K¨i A‡bK wfbœ Dcwi dg© Ges ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z_vwcI Zv‡`i GKB A_© _v‡K| g~j KvVv‡gvB ev‡K¨i A_©‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| G¸‡jv dwjZ e¨vKi‡Yi †Kw›`ªq ZvwË¡K welq|

KvVv‡gvev`x Kve¨Z‡Ë¡i GKwU ZË¡ Rbv_b Kzjv‡ii Øviv Zuvi MÖš’ Structuralist  Poetics : Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature (1975)-G e¨vL¨vZ nq| wZwb GB avibv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvb GB g‡g© †h, Kve¨Z‡Ë¡i cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ Kg©wU wb‡R bq, Zvi †evaMg¨Zv| Kzjvi †UK‡÷i PvB‡Z cvV‡Ki w`‡K †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †`b| wZwb civgk †`b †h, †h‡nZz †UK‡÷i e¨vL¨vi wbqš¿K wbqg¸‡jv wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e, ZvB †UK‡÷i MVb wbqš¿YKvix wbqg¸‡jv‡K wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Gfv‡e KvVv‡gv †mB c×wZ‡Z _v‡K hv cvV‡Ki e¨vL¨vq wKsev mvwnwZ¨K mvg‡_© (literary competence) wbwnZ _v‡K, †UK‡÷ bq|

†ivgvb R¨vKem‡bi (1896-1982) iPbv we‡kl K‡i Zuvi `y‡Uv cÖeÜ "Linguistics and Poetics (1960) Ges 'Two Aspects of Language' (1956) KvVv‡gvev`x Z‡Ë¡ bZzb gvÎv hy³ K‡i| fvlvi KvVv‡gv‡Z hyM¥ ˆecix‡Z¨i (binary opposition) avibvi wfwˇZ wZwb Zuvi ZË¡ weKwkZ K‡ib| wZwb we‡klZ iƒcK/‰ecixZ¨ (metaphor/metonyme opposition) Ges ev¯—eev` I cÖZxKev‡`i we‡k­l‡Yi e¨Äbvq mswk­ó wQ‡jb| me‡k‡l evwg©snvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bs‡iwRi Aa¨vcK †WwfW j‡Ri bvg Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, whwb KvVv‡gvev‡`i aviYvmg~n‡K AwaKZi HwZwn¨K c_¸‡jvi mv‡_ mshy³ Kievi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Working with Structuralism (1980) GB D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|

KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbv mvwnZ¨‡K wØZxq-µg c×wZ wn‡k‡e †`‡L hv fvlvi cÖ_g-µg KvVv‡gvev`x c×wZ‡K Gi gva¨g wn‡k‡e e¨envi K‡i Ges hv wb‡RB cÖv_wgKfv‡e fvlvZvwË¡K Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ we‡k­wlZ nq| KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvP‡Kiv cÖvqB mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i we‡k­l‡Y wewPÎ fvlvZvwË¡K avibv cÖ‡qvM K‡i †hgb: msMV‡bi aŸwbixwZ msµvš— (phonemic) Ges iƒcg~jmsµvš— (morphemic) ¯—‡ii †fZiKvi cv_©K¨ wKsev c¨vivwWMg¨vwUK Ges wmbU¨vM‡gwUK m¤úK©mg~‡ni †fZ‡ii cv_©K¨; Ges wKQy mgv‡jvPK mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i KvVv‡gv we‡k­lY K‡i myMwVZ ev‡K¨i evK¨ cÖKi‡Yi (syntax) bgybvi wfwˇZ| AZGe, mvwnwZ¨K KvVv‡gvev‡`i P~ovš— j¶ n‡jv AvcvZ-ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q †gŠb e¨vKiY‡K (wbqg I m‡¼‡Zi c×wZ) hv mKj mvwnwZ¨K Drcv`‡bi dg© I A_©‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, cÖKvwkZ I mywbw`©ó Kiv| Rbv_b Kzjvi welqwU‡K mnR fvlvq e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb: KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbvi j¶ n‡jv GKwU Kve¨ZË¡ MVb Kiv hv AwePwjZfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨i mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K †hgb fvlvZË¡ †j‡M _v‡K fvlvi mv‡_|¹²

KvVv‡gvev` AbyKvix mgv‡jvPbv (mimetic criticism) A_©vr mvwnZ¨ cÖavbZ ev¯—eZvi AbyKiY GB aviYv; Awfe¨w³ev`x mgv‡jvPbv (expressive criticism) A_©vr mvwnZ¨ cÖavbZ †jL‡Ki Av‡eM Abyf‚wZ wKsev m„Rbkxj Kíbv cÖKvk K‡i GB avibv; Ges mvwnZ¨ †jLK I cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g-GB avibvi †h †Kv‡bv d‡g©i cÖKvk¨ ˆecixZ¨ wn‡k‡e KvR K‡i| Av‡iv mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, mvwn‡Z¨i weÁvb weKwkZ Kivi D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ Ges Gi A‡bK gyL¨ avibvi g‡a¨, KvVv‡gvev` †gŠwjKfv‡e HwZwn¨K gvbeZvwš¿K mgv‡jvPbvi cÖvK-avibv †_‡K we`vq †bq| `„óvš—¯^iƒc:

GK. KvVv‡gvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K hv `xN©Kvj mvwnZ¨Kg© wn‡k‡e Kw_Z wQ‡jv Zv †UK÷ n‡q I‡V; A_©vr mywbw`©ófv‡e mvwnwZ¨K wbqgKvbyb Abymv‡i wewfbœ msMVK Dcv`v‡bi †Ljvi Øviv MwVZ GKwU iPbv aviv n‡q I‡V|

`yB. mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Ôg~jÕ wKsev Drcv`K wn‡k‡e †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ Ô†jLKÕ wKsev ÔwelqÕ‡K †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM, Awfe¨w³ev`x B”Qv wKsev bKkv †`qv nqbv| Zvi cwie‡Z© †PZb Av͇K (self) wbg©vZv wn‡k‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq hv wb‡RB fvlvZvwË¡K c×wZi Kvh©Kjv‡ci dmj Ges †jL‡Ki gb‡K GKwU Av‡ivwcZ ¯’vb wn‡k‡e eY©bv Kiv nq| we`¨gvb c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó †UK‡÷ AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv nq| †iuvjv evZ© GB HwZwn¨K gvbeZvev`x avibvi DrLv‡Zi welqwU‡K †ek bvUKxqfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb; cÖwZôvb wn‡k‡e †jLK g„Z|¹³

wZb. KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbv †Kw›`ªq cÖwZwbwa wn‡k‡e cvVK‡K †jL‡Ki ¯’jvwfwl³ K‡i ; wKš‘ GKRb m‡PZb, D‡Ïk¨g~jK Ges Abyf‚wZkxj e¨w³ wn‡k‡e HwZwn¨K cvVK cV‡bi ˆbe©¨w³K Kg©Kv‡Êi gv‡S wg‡k hvq Ges KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbvi j¶ cV‡bi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖwµqvi IciB cÖhy³ _v‡K|

Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z KvVv‡gvev`‡K g‡b n‡Z cv‡i mvwnZ¨v‡jvPbvi GK Kvh©Ki A_P GK‡N‡q wbivb›` cÖv‡qvwMK w`K| Z_vwcI KvVv‡gvev` wZ³ †Kvjvnj D‡`ªK K‡iwQ‡jv| KviY, †UK‡÷i evB‡ii Rxe‡bi cÖwZ MZvbyMwZK AvMÖn‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Ges cÖ‡Z¨K MÖš’‡K KwZcq wbqgKvby‡bi Øviv wµqvkxj wbg©vZv wn‡k‡e †`L‡Z cQ›` K‡i KvVv‡gvev` †Kv‡bvwKQy‡K mgv‡Ri mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi †fZi w`‡q bv †`Lvi GKwU Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| `„óvš—¯^iƒc, IqvW©mIqv‡_©i AwaKvsk mgv‡jvPK †hLv‡b IqvW©mIqv‡_©i mgm¨v I avibvi cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZ m¤úbœ, KvVv‡gvev`xiv †mLv‡b Zuvi †UK‡÷i welq¸‡jv‡K wbivm³ Dcv‡q †`‡L _v‡Kb| d‡j KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvP‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i‡K †mB Dcvq‡K mgv‡jvPbvi GKwU Ae¯’v‡b †`L‡Z cvq, †hLv‡b HwZwn¨K mgv‡jvP‡Kiv Avcb Rxeb `k©‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ GKwU cwi‡cÖw¶Z m„wó K‡i| hvB‡nvK, KvVv‡gvev‡`i mePvB‡Z ˆewkó¨m~PK dj n‡jv †mB Dcv‡qi fvimvg¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hvi mv‡_ A‡bK MÖš’ m¤úwK©Z| †h mgv‡jvPK †UK‡÷i KvVv‡gv I fvlv‡K Nwbôfv‡e †`‡L, †m cÖvqB Rxeb m¤ú‡K© †UK÷ Avgv‡`i hv ej‡Z cv‡i †mB HwZwn¨K avibv‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`‡L Ges MÖš’wUi Avcb dg©‡K Zvi wel‡q cwiYZ K‡i| KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbv mvgwMÖKfv‡e AvÍevPK (relflexive)| †UK÷ wKfv‡e kã Ges c„w_exi e¨eavb, wk‡íi KvVv‡gv Ges ev¯—eZvi KvVv‡gvi e¨eavb Av‡jvPbv K‡i-GB mgv‡jvPbv Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| †jLv me©`vB ev¯—eZv m¤úwK©Z †jLvi mgm¨vi mv‡_ mswk­ó-GB `vwe Zz‡j Ges AvMÖ‡ni †K›`ª bZzb GjvKvq cÖwZwôZ Kivi gva¨‡g KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbv cÖ_vMZ mgv‡jvPbvi mv‡_ Zvi ¯’vb Luy‡R †bq| Z_vwcI GwU GL‡bv mgv‡jvPbvi we`¨gvb HwZn¨ †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| c¶vš—‡i, AwaKvsk HwZwn¨K mgv‡jvPK GKwU †UK‡÷ Rxeb m¤ú‡K© GK RwUj e¨vL¨v cvq| AwaKvsk KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbvi †SuvK mvwn‡Z¨i mxgve×Zvi Ic‡i, c„w_ex wK K‡i †UK‡÷i ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© c×wZi PvB‡Z AwaKZi RwUj, Zvi Ici| KvVv‡gvev`x mgv‡jvPbv cÖvqkB †mB c‡_i cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡i hv‡Z mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷ c„w_ex‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Ges e¨_© nq AwfÁZvi A_© m„wó‡Z| KvVv‡gvev` Ges KvVv‡gvev` msµvš— GB ZË¡mg~n G wel‡qi cÖwZ Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó K‡i †h, mKj iPbvB fvlvi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡K cwiPvwjZ Kivi mv‡_ mswk­ó Ges GKBfv‡e mswk­ó GwU Ki‡Z fvlvi Ach©vßZvi mv‡_|¹⁴

D‡j­LcwÄ:

1.     Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, Sixth edition. A Prism Indian Edition, 1993, c„. 280.

2.     Cuddon, J.A. The Pengun Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Third Edition, 1992, c„. 922

3.     Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory, An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New Yourk: Manchester University Press, 1995, c„. 39

4.     Sturrock, John. Structuralism, Second edition. Fontana Press, 1993, c„. vii

5.     Barry, Peter. Beginning Thery, An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New Youk: Manchester University Press, 1995, c„. 41

6.     cÖv¸³, c„. 42

7.     Peck, John and Coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticism, Second edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„. 191

8.     cÖv¸³

9.     Cuddon, J.A. The Pengun Dictionary of Literary  Terms and Literary Theory. Third Edition, 1992, c„. 923

10. cÖv¸³, c„. 924

11.  Peck, John and coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticisms, second edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„.191.

12. Culler, Jonathan. Structuralist Poetics. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975, c„. 257

13. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literar Terms, Sixth edition, A Prism Indian Edition, 1993, c„. 281.

14. Peck, John and Coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticisms, Second edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„. 194

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