Marxist Criticism

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gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi bZzb web¨vm:

Avaywb‡KvËi cwi‡cÖw¶Z

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gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi cÖavb gZev` n‡jv : mvwn‡Z¨i cÖK…wZ mswk­ó mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi Øviv cÖfvevwš^Z nq|² ZviciI †mB cÖfv‡ei NwbôZvi ZviZ‡g¨i gvÎv wb‡q mgm¨v I weZK© †`Lv †`q| e¯‘Z, gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi †h †Kv‡bv aª“e gZev` mgiƒc mgv‡jvPbvg~jK mvov m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB| gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv Rxeš— I wewea Ges mgMÖ c~e© BD‡iv‡c mgvRZ‡š¿i cZb m‡Ë¡I weKvkkxj| GKRb ¯’‚j gvK©mev`x mvaviYfv‡e mKj mvwnZ¨‡K evwZj Ki‡Z cv‡ib ey‡R©vqv wejvm wn‡k‡e, †hLv‡b ga¨weË †jL‡Kiv Zuv‡`i ga¨weË mgm¨v wb‡q †j‡Lb| GB ai‡bi GKwU avibv 1930-Gi `kK †_‡K wecyjfv‡e cÖPvwiZ nqwb| e¯‘Z, gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvP‡Kiv me©`vB wk‡íi R‡b¨ GK ai‡bi kª×v cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb GB †f‡e †h, mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g †jLK ¯^Zš¿ Ae¯’v‡b `uvwo‡q mgv‡Ri †`vlΓwU †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK HwZn¨evnx gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi c×wZ n‡jv HwZnvwmK NUbvejx †_‡K AZx‡Zi GKwU `„wófw½ cybM©Vb Kiv Ges Zvci †mB mgvR ev¯—eZv cÖKvk I eySvi †¶‡Î GKwU we‡kl †UK÷ KZUzKz h_v_©, Zv †`Lv‡bv| GwU Avð‡h©i welq bq †h, RR© jyKvK&‡mi g‡Zv gvK©mev`xiv me©`vB e¯‘ev`x Dcb¨v‡mi, hv fv‡jvfv‡e mgv‡Ri GKwU c~Y© wPÎ w`‡Z cv‡i, cÖwZ AvMÖnx †_‡K‡Qb| e¯‘Z, A‡bK gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© we‡klfv‡e weev`g~jK wKQy †bB| Gd.Avi.‡jwfm Ges gvwK©b bqv mgv‡jvP‡Kiv Ab¨ wKQyi PvB‡Z †UK‡÷i Ici AwaK g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘, †UK÷‡K Zvi cÖm½ Ges cwiw¯’wZi wbwi‡L wePvi Kievi g‡Zv mgv‡jvPbv aviv me©`vB kw³kvjx †_‡K‡Q| HwZwn¨K gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv mvaviYfv‡e †UK÷ iPbvi mg‡qi mgvR-ev¯—eZvi `„wófw½i mv‡_ †UK÷‡K m¤úwK©Z Kivi GKwU Dcvq| GB ai‡bi mgv‡jvPbvi GKwU AwfMg¨ Ges cÖfvekvjx D`vniY n‡jv †igÛ DBwjqvg‡mi The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence (1970)|³

GKB mg‡q Avgv‡`i eyS‡Z cviv DwPZ †h, hw`I gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi mvieËv n‡jv e¯‘ev`x Rxeb kZ©vejx, gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPK‡`i Aek¨B †UK‡÷i Av`k© Ges mgv‡R wk‡íi f‚wgKv msµvš— ZvwË¡K cÖkœ‡K AwaKZi we‡ePbvq Avbv DwPZ| KvVv‡gvev‡`i (structuralism) AvMg‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB welq¸‡jv Zx¶èvwqZ n‡q‡Q| HwZn¨evnx mgv‡jvPbv GgbwK HwZn¨evnx gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv †hLv‡b me©`vB mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i c~Y©Zv Ges m½wZi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Q, KvVv‡gvev` †mLv‡b mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i msMwVZ cÖK…wZi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i| ÷ªvKPvivwjRg †UK‡÷i cÖK…wZ Ges f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ †Zv‡j Ges AwZ m¤úÖwZ gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv Acwinvh©fv‡e ÷ªvKPvivwjR‡gi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q‡Q| mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K gvK©mev`x wPš—vi Dbœq‡b †h `yÕRb mgv‡jvPK me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx n‡Z †c‡i‡Qb, Zuviv n‡jb jyB Aj_ymvi Ges wc‡q‡i g¨vPv‡i| g¨vPv‡i †UK‡÷i duvK¸‡jvi w`‡K †Rvi †`b Ges hyw³ †`Lvb †h, †UK÷ wb‡Ri KvQ †_‡K wK jyKv‡”Q, cvVK Zv †`L‡Z cv‡i| Aj_ymvi †UK÷mg~n‡K Zv‡`i Av`‡k©i RwUjZvMvwgZvi g‡Zv Am¤ú~Y© Ges ci¯úi we‡ivax wn‡k‡e †`‡Lb| Dfq mgv‡jvPKB Acwinvh©fv‡e e‡jb †h, †UK‡÷ DÌvwcZ Bmy¨¸‡jv †jL‡Ki R‡b¨ LyeB RwUj|

gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi g‡Zv mgv‡jvPbvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb kw³ n‡jv GwU GB avibv †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K †h mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷ Rxeb Ges gvbe cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Kvjnxb I me©Rbxb mZ¨ ¯’vcb K‡i| gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv †`‡L wKfv‡e GKwU †UK÷ GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi ¯^Z¡vaxb nq Ges wKfv‡e H mg‡q gvbyl msNe× n‡qwQ‡jv Ges Zv‡`i we‡k¦i A_© Luy‡R †c‡qwQ‡jv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi †igÛ DBwjqvgm Ges †Uwi CMjUb Ges Av‡gwiKvi †d«WvwiK †Rgm‡bi g‡Zv cÖwZkª“wZe× Ges ˆelwqK gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvP‡Ki nv‡Z GB mgv‡jvPbv aviv †gŠwjK ivR‰bwZK G‡RÛvi mv‡_ hy³ nq, †hLv‡b mgv‡jvPK, mgvR †hfv‡e wb‡R‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b NUv‡bvi cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| wKš‘, gvK©mev`-cÖfvevwš^Z mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvq hLb AgvK©mev`xiv KvR K‡ib, ZLb Zuviv mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷ Ges mgv‡R Zvi f‚wgKvi cybcix¶vi cÖwZ A½xKvie× _v‡Kb| GwU AZx‡Zi GKwU cybcVb hvi mv‡_ bvixev‡`i A‡bK wgj Av‡Q Ges hv cÖvqB bvixev` Ges wbD wn÷wiwmR‡gi mv‡_ mshy³| G ai‡bi mKj mgv‡jvPbv avivq mgv‡jvPK mgv‡Ri M„nxZ cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi evwn‡ii Ae¯’vb †_‡K †jLvi D‡`¨vM †bb; ‡hgbwU e¯‘Z KvVv‡gvev`x Ges wewbg©vYev`x mgv‡jvP‡Kiv K‡i _v‡Kb| gvK©mev`, bvixev` Ges wbD wn÷wiwmRg meB mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷ ÁvwcZ k„•Ljvi aviYv Ges wKfv‡e mgv‡R bvix I cyi“l Ae¯’vb K‡i Zvi avibv m¤ú‡K© ivR‰bwZK cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i|

1970-Gi `kK †_‡K me©vwaK cwiwPZ weªwUk gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPK †Uwi CMjU‡bi iPbv Aj_ymv‡ii iPbvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv avivq cÖf‚Z cÖfve m„wó K‡i| †gŠj avibvi †¶‡Î gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv‡K g‡b nq †cv÷-÷ªvKPvivwjRg Ges †cv÷-gWvwb©R‡gi avibv¸‡jvi mv‡_ Ø›Øg~jK| wKš‘, 1980 Ges 1990-Gi `k‡Ki mePvB‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gvK©mev`x iPbv H mKj Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ RwUj wg_w¯Œqvi GKwU cÖwµqv‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q| AwaKš‘, gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbv HwZn¨Kfv‡eB AvPi‡Yi g‡bvwe‡k­lYx e¨vL¨vi we‡ivax nq, GB wfwËg~‡j †h, g‡bvwe‡k­lY åvš—fv‡e mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvmg~n †_‡K e¨w³eM©‡K Avjv`v K‡i| gvwK©b gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPK †d«WvwiK †Rgmb Zuvi The Political Unconscious : Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (1981) MÖ‡š’ G `y‡qi †fZi mgš^q mva‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Awbevh©Z, †Rgmb †gŠwjK g‡bvwe‡k­lYvÍK kã "The Unconscious' Ges 'repression'-Gi ivR‰bwZK we¯—vi †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zuvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvwnZ¨ cÖvqB HwZnvwmK mZ¨‡K Ae`gb (repress) Kivi †Póv K‡i, wKš‘ we‡k­lY Gi Avf¨š—i Av`k©‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Gi wbÁ©vb (unconscious)|⁴

D‡j­LcwÄ:

1.     Peck, John and Coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticism Second Edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„-176

2.     Barry, Petter. Beginning Theory, An introduction to literary and cultural theory. N. Y: Manchester University Press, First Published 1995, c„-166

3.     Peck, John and Coyle, Maritin. Literary Terms and Criticism Second Edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„-117

4.     Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory, An introduction to literary and cultural theory. N.Y: Manchester University Press, First Published 1995, c„-116

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