Psychoanalytic criticism

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g‡bvwe‡k­l‡Yi mv¤úÖwZK aviv:

d«‡qW bq, jKuv

g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbv (Psychoanalytic criticism) mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbviB GKwU iƒc hv mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vL¨vq g‡bvwe‡k­l‡Yi wKQy †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i|¹ †gvUvgywUfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, aª“c`x g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbv wKsev Z_vKw_Z d«‡qWxq mgv‡jvPbv, hv me©`vB wPš—vg~jK, wkíx‡`i mv‡_ Zviv cÖK…Zc‡¶ hv m„wó K‡i, †hgb Dcb¨vm, KweZv, wPÎKg©, fv¯‹h©, ¯’vcZ¨, m½xZ cÖf…wZi m¤úK© AbymÜvb, Avwe®‹vi Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zvi we‡k­lY K‡i|<sup>2</sup> mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î GB mgv‡jvPbv †jLK KZ…©K m„ó PwiÎvejx Ges Zv‡`i e¨eüZ fvlv we‡k­lY K‡i| d«‡qWxq g‡bvwe‡k­lYx c×wZ‡Z mvwnwZ¨K PwiÎ Rxeš— gvbyl wn‡k‡e g~j¨vwqZ nq|

g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvi HwZn¨ Aw÷ªq g‡bvweÁvbx wmMgyÛ d«‡qW (1856-1939)-Gi wewfbœ cÖeÜ cÖKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q m~wPZ nq| 1896 L„óv‡ã d«‡qW wb‡RB g‡bvwe‡k­lY (Psychoanalysis) kãwU D™¢veb K‡ib|<sup>3</sup> g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvi HwZn¨ †ek cyi‡bv n‡jI e¯‘Z mv¤úÖwZK Kv‡jB Zv e¨vcK cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| Gi KviY n‡jv ÷ªvKPvivwjR‡gi D™¢‡ei Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB m~wPZ cwðgv fvebvi wewfbœ avivi mvaviY cybcix¶‡Yi cÖeYZv| g~j KvVv‡gv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ n‡q hvIqvi AwfÁZvi †fZi w`‡q AwR©Z ¶wZi avibvi gvav‡g mKj g‡bvwe‡k­lYx Z‡Ë¡i m~ÎcvZ N‡U| GwU Acwinvh©Z †hŠbZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q, hv GB wel‡qi MV‡b GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb| djZ, mKj g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvq †UK‡÷ Aek¨B †hŠbZvi Dcw¯’wZi GKwU wn‡ke _v‡K| aª“c`x d«‡qWxq mgv‡jvPbvq welqwU Lye mvaviYfv‡e †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq †hLv‡b mvwnZ¨Kg© †jL‡Ki j¶Y wn‡k‡e cvV Kiv nq, A_ev cvV Kiv nq ¯^cœ`ªóv Ges Zvi ¯^‡cœi ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i Abyiƒc wn‡k‡e †h‡bv mvwnZ¨Kg©wU †jL‡Ki ˆkke Ges wbwl× B”Qvi jv¶wYK cybi“rcv`b| GB ai‡bi mgv‡jvPbvi GK DrK…ó D`vniY n‡jv: †gix †evbvcv‡U©i The Life and Works of Edgar Allen Poe (1949) hv‡K cÖ_vMZfv‡e g‡bvRxebx  (Psychobiography) e‡j D‡j­L Kiv nq|⁴    Bqy½xq mgv‡jvPbvq mKj ms¯‹…wZi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ ÔmgwóevPK wbÁ©vbÕ (collective unconscious)-Gi Ici †SuvK †`qv nq; myZivs †jL‡Ki Ae`wgZ B”Qvi øvqweK j¶‡Yi R‡b¨ †UK‡÷i w`‡K ZvKv‡bvi PvB‡Z Bqy½xq mgv‡jvPK AZxZ ms¯‹…wZi iƒcKí, cyivY Ges cÖZx‡Ki cÖKv‡ki R‡b¨ †UK÷‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †UK÷‡K †cŠbtcywbK wPÎ aviY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq hv gvbyl Ges mgv‡Ri gvbwmK `vwi`ª wbim‡bi R‡b¨ Drcbœ nq| AZGe, Bqy½xq mgv‡jvPK †jL‡Ki e¨w³MZ wbÁ©vb Avwe®‹vi K‡i bv, wKš‘ ˆewkó¨m~PKfv‡e mvwnZ¨K‡g© GKwU mvaviY AbymÜvb-†gvwUd (motif) j¶ K‡i| mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvi cÖavb weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q jKuxq mgv‡jvPbvq (Lacanian criticism)| RvK jKuv (1901-1981) wQ‡jb GKRb divmx g‡bvwe‡k­lK huvi iPbv mv¤úÖwZK mvwnZ¨ Z‡Ë¡i A‡bK w`‡Ki Ici AmvaviY cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| wek¦hy‡×vËi A‡bK divwm fvebvi †Kw›`ªq wn‡k‡e cÖgvwYZ g‡bvwe‡k­l‡Yi MÖn‡Y jKuv Pvwe-e¨vw³Z¡| jyB Aj_ymvi, wM‡jm †Wjy¨R, †dwj· ¸Zvwi, RvK †`wi`v, d«uv‡mvqv wjIZvi Ges wg‡kj dz‡Kvi g‡Zv e¨w³‡Z¡i iPbvK‡g©i A‡bKLvwb jKuvi fvebv I iPbvi Dcjwä Qvov A‡evaMg¨B †_‡K hv‡e| mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i †¶‡Î d«v‡Ýi evB‡iI jKuvi cÖfve cÖZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶|⁵ AvaywbK fvlvZvwË¡K Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K wZwb d«‡qW‡K cybe©¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, d«‡qW Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv wbÁ©v‡bi Ae`wgZ Av‡eM ÔB`Õ (id) n‡Z ¯^Zš¿ wn‡k‡e Ô†PZbÕ (conscious) Ges wPš—bkxj wbqš¿K ÔAngÕ (ego)-Gi Ici AwZ gvÎvq †SuvK w`‡q‡Qb| jKuv Ang‡K øvqweK †iv‡Mi evnK wn‡k‡e †`‡L‡Qb| m½wZc~Y© ¯^kvwmZ †Kv‡bv wKQy _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ÔAvwgÕ (I) KL‡bvI wb‡R‡K ÔAb¨Õ (other) †_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB ai‡bi fvebv mËi Ges Avwki `k‡K †ek mvov RvwM‡qwQ‡jv, KviY GwU ÷ªvKPvivwjRg, gvK©wmRg, Ges †dwgwbR‡gi D‡`¨vM¸‡jvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wQ‡jv|

jKuxq g‡bvwe‡k­lY ÔAvÍÕ (self)-Gi KvVv‡gvi Ges mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Zvi m¤ú‡Ki m¤ú~Y© avibvi mv‡_ AwaKZi cÖZ¨¶ mswk­wó cÖ¯—ve K‡i| jKuxq fvebvi mv‡_ g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbv GB wel‡qi MV‡bi m¤ú~Y© avibv we‡ePbv K‡i cÖvš— †_‡K †K›`ªxq f‚wg‡Z PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| bvixev`x mgv‡jvPbvi Ici jKuvi cÖfv‡ei †fZ‡i GB welqwU my¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| KviY, ÔAvÍÕ-Gi HwZwn¨K cysevPK avibvi mv‡_ bvixev`x mgv‡jvP‡Kiv A‡bK wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Askwe‡kl n‡jv cysevPK, wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR KvVv‡gv Ges e¯‘Z Zvi wbR¯^ fvebvi cysevPK cÖK…wZi Ici Zuvi (jKuv) ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc| hyMcr jKuvi c‡¶ Ges wec‡¶ Ae¯’vbKvix wKQy bvixev`x hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, gvbwmK cwiwPwZi †`Še©j¨ Ges B”Qvi PjgvbZvi Ici jKuvi AvMÖn ˆjw½K msÁvi KvíwbKZv wb‡`©k K‡i| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi mgv‡jvPbv Ges Z‡Ë¡ †hgb AninB N‡U, †Zgb GLv‡b †UK÷ wKfv‡e A_© MVb K‡i, †KejgvÎ Zvi IciB †SuvK †bB, eis wKfv‡e ZvwË¡K fvebv wb‡RB A_© MVb K‡i, Zvi Ic‡iI †SuvK Av‡Q| g‡bvwe‡k­lYx HwZ‡n¨ me©`v †h cys AwfÁZvB †K›`ªxq, bvixev`x mgv‡jvPbv Zv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z †`wi K‡i bvB|⁶

hvB‡nvK, wel‡qi †`Še©‡j¨i Ic‡i jKuvi ¸iZ¡v‡iv‡ci NUbvwU welqwUi avibvi AwaKZi cybcix¶‡Yi m¤¢vebvi †¶Î ˆZwi K‡i| mv¤úÖwZK mgv‡jvPbv avivmg~‡ni mgMÖ AvIZvi g‡a¨ ÔAvÍÕ (self)-Gi cÖK…wZ Ges MV‡bi welqwU evievi wd‡i Av‡m, Ges j¶ Kiv hvq wKfv‡e welqwU mgv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z nq| ZvB GKwU w¯’wZkxj mgv‡R Ges GKwU w¯’wZkxj ÔAvÍÕ-Gi †m‡K‡j wefw³Ki‡Yi e¨vcvi¸‡jv Avi mg_©bxq bq| jKuxq fvebvi g‡Zv mv¤úÖwZK ZË¡ KvD‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv w¯’wZkxj RvqMvq wb‡q hvq bv, eis wb‡q hvq Ggb GK GjvKvq †hLv‡b mKj †kªYxB cybcix¶Y Ges cybwRÁvmvi KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡i wµqvkxj|

wcUvi †eix jKuxq mgv‡jvPK‡`i Kvh©cÖYvjx‡K wb‡æv³fv‡e web¨¯— K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, d«‡qWxq mgvjvPK‡`i g‡Zv jKuxq mgv‡jvP‡KivI gvby‡li wbÁ©vb B”Qv I Abyf‚wZi w`‡K Nwbô g‡bv‡hvM †`b| wKš‘ †jLK wKsev PwiÎvejxi †fZ‡i †m¸‡jv A‡š^lY Kivi cwie‡Z© Zuviv †UK‡÷i †PZ‡bi (conscious) wb‡P Ae‡PZ‡bi (subconscious) g‡Zv kvwqZ A‡_©i we‡ivax Aš—tcÖevn‡K D‡b¥vwPZ Kivi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv †UK‡÷i wb‡Ri †fZ‡iB Luy‡R evi K‡ib| GwU wewbg©v‡Yi (deconstruction) cÖwµqv‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi Ab¨ GKwU Dcvq| wØZxqZ, mvwnZ¨K‡g© Zuviv jKuxq g‡bvwe‡k­lYx wPý wKsev c‡`i Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvY K‡ib| Z…ZxqZ, mvwnZ¨ †UK÷‡K Zuviv AmsL¨ jKuxq cÖwZb¨v‡mi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡ib|

PZz_©Z, mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷‡K Zuviv fvlv Ges wbÁ©vb (unconscious) m¤úwK©Z jKuxq `„wófw½i m¤úv`b wKsev cÖ`k©b we‡kl K‡i wPývwq‡Zi (signified) ¯’vbxq `y‡e©va¨Zv Ges wbÁ©v‡bi †K›`ªxqZv wn‡k‡e †`‡Lb| Kvh©Z, GwU ev¯—e-we‡ivax (anti-realist) †UK÷‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i hv mvwnwZ¨K iƒcvq‡bi cÖ_vmg~n‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i|⁷

g‡bvwe‡k­l‡Yi †gŠwjK wfwË †_‡K DrmvwiZ n‡jI Ges ci¯úi AvcvZwe‡ivax n‡jI `„k¨Z Ges A‡bK †¶‡Î Kvh©Z d«‡qWxq Ges jKuxq g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvi †fZ‡i DcmvMi e¨eavb i‡q‡Q| Avaywb‡KvËi mgv‡jvPbv avivi †gŠj cÖeYZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© nIqvq d«‡qW-DËi g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvq jKuv †ek A‡bKLvwbB GwM‡q wQ‡jb| e¯‘Z, g‡bvwe‡k­lYx mgv‡jvPbvq eyw×e„wËK bZzb gvÎv hy³ K‡i Zv‡K cÖvMÖmi, DËivaywbK Ges RbwcÖq K‡i‡Qb whwb, wZwb d«‡qW bb, jKuv|

D‡j­LcwÄ:

1.     Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory, An itroduction to literary and cultural theory  N.Y : Manchester University Press, First published 1995, c„-96

2.     Cuddon, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. USA : Third Edition 1992, c„-356

3.     cÖv¸³

4.     Peck, John and Coyle, Martin, Literary Terms and Criticism Second Edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„-186

5.     Kelly, Michael. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

6.     Peck, John and Coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticism Second Edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„-187

7.     Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory, An introduction to literary and cultural theory. N.Y : Manchester University Press, First published 1995, c„-115

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