New Historicism and Cultural Materialism

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Avaywb‡KvËi cV‡bi m~Îvejx

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Beginning Theory MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv wcUvi †eix wbD wn÷wiwm÷ mgv‡jvPKe„‡›`i Kg©KvÛ‡K wb‡æv³ Pvifv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb:

GK. Zuviv mvwnwZ¨K Ges AmvwnwZ¨K †UK÷mg~n‡K cvkvcvwk ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges cÖ_gwU‡K wØZxqwUi Av‡jv‡K cvV K‡ib|

`yB. Zuviv Kvbywb mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷‡K wecwiwPwZKiY (defamiliarise) K‡ib|

wZb. Zuviv ivóª ¶gZv I Zvi cÖwµqv wcZ…Zvwš¿K KvVv‡gv Ges Zv‡`i ¯’vqxKiY, Jcwb‡ewkKvqb cÖwµqv I Zvi AbyMvgx gvbm-web¨vm cÖf…wZ Bmy¨i Ici †UK÷ Ges mn-†UK‡÷i g‡a¨B `„wó wb‡¶c K‡ib|

Pvi. Zuviv DËi-KvVv‡gvev`x `„wófw½i wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv e¨envi K‡ib; we‡klZ, †`wi`vi avibv; ev¯—eZvi cÖ‡Z¨K w`K n‡jv MÖwš’Z (textualised) Ges dz‡Kvi avibv, mgvwRK KvVv‡gvmg~n cÖej wWm‡Kv‡m©i Abykxj‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ|⁵ AZGe, MÖ‡š’i HwZnvwmKZv Ges BwZnv‡mi MÖwš’KZv wewbg©v‡Yi R‡b¨ mgKvjxb mvwnwZ¨K I AmvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i †h mgvš—ivj cvV Abykxjb Kiv nq, ZvB e¯‘Z wbD wn÷wiwmRg|

KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjRg:

wbD wn÷wiwmR‡gi weªwUk mgv_©K Av‡›`vjb‡K KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjRg ejv n‡q _v‡K| evsjvq G‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev`| e¯‘Z, GwU GKwU gvK©mev`x c_ hvi Øviv †`Lv‡bv nq wKfv‡e GKwU †UK‡÷i wWm‡Kvm©mg~n GKwU Av`wk©K Ae¯’vb cÖKvk K‡i wKsev Zv‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i| mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev‡`i GKwU c~Y©Zi msÁv Gfv‡e Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, GwU BwZnvm ZvwË¡K c×wZ Ges ivR‰bwZK A½xKv‡i mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i wbwnZv‡_©i cVb‡K mshy³ K‡i Ges mvs¯‹…wZK Drcv`‡bi wbw`©ó cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni mv‡_ †UK÷ wKfv‡e m¤úwK©Z nq, Zv †`Lvq|<sup>6</sup> weªwUk mgv‡jvPK MÖvnvg †nvìvi‡bm mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev`‡K wnw÷ªIMÖvwdi ivRbxwZK…Z iƒc (a politicised form of historiography) wn‡k‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Gw`K †_‡K ivRbxwZK…Z KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡i mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷ Aš—f©~³Kvix HwZnvwmK e¯‘mg~n cVb A‡_© KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjRg‡K eySv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

'Cultural materialism'  AwfavwU cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q 1985-Gi w`‡K hLb †mwU †Rvbv_b `wj‡gvi Ges G¨vjvb wmbwdì bvgK `yRb cÖL¨vZ mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev`xi Øviv Zuv‡`i iPbvmsKjb Political Shakespeare-Gi Dc-wk‡ivbvg wn‡k‡e e¨eüZ nq| Zuviv mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev`‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i HwZwn¨K G¨v‡cÖv‡Pi wecixZ wn‡k‡e, †h¸‡jv Zuv‡`i cÖ¯—veg‡Z †f‡½ c‡o‡Q| mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi gvbg~j¨ I Mš—‡e¨i mv‡_ mvsNwl©Kfv‡e mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev` HwZnvwmK cÖm½, ZvwË¡K c×wZ, ivR‰bwZK Aw½Kvi Ges MÖwš’K we‡k­lY wgkª‡Yi cÖ¯—ve †`q|<sup>7</sup> cwjwUK¨vj †kKm&cxqi-Gi f‚wgKvq †jLKØq mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev`‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb GKwU mgv‡jvPbv c×wZ wn‡k‡e hvi PviwU ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| GwU g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡i D³ PviwU wel‡qi Ici: HwZnvwmK cÖm½; ZvwË¡K c×wZ; ivR‰bwZK `vwqZ¡; Ges MÖwš’K we‡k­lY| welq¸‡jv ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK|

cÖ_gZ, HwZnvwmK cÖm‡½i Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷ HwZwn¨Kfv‡e cÖ`Ë AZxw›`ªq ¸i“Z¡‡K Le© K‡i| GLv‡b AZxw›`ªq (transcendent) ej‡Z mgqnxbZv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A`¨vewa †kKm&&cxqi covi A_© ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, Zuvi bvUK¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i Kvjnxb cÖgvY K‡i‡Q Ges mij A‡_© ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, †m¸‡jv †h mg‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zv HwZnvwmK NUbvejxi Øviv mxgve× bq| wKš‘ GwU GKwU gvÎvi e¨vcvi| KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjR‡gi GB w`KwUi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wb‡Ri BwZnvm cybi“×v‡i mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷‡K AbygwZ †`qv hv c~‡e©Kvi cvVmg~n cÖvqkB D‡c¶v K‡i‡Q| wØZxqZ, ZvwË¡K c×wZi Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡iv‡ci A_© n‡jv wjev‡ij wnDg¨vwbR‡gi mv‡_ we‡”Q` iPbv Ges ÷ªvKPvivwjRg, †cv÷-÷ªvKPvivwjRgmn Ab¨vb¨ G¨v‡cÖvP¸‡jv, †h¸‡jv 1970-Gi `kK †_‡K cÖavb n‡q IVv ïi“ K‡i, †_‡K wk¶vMÖnY| Z…ZxqZ, ivR‰bwZK `vwq‡Z¡i Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡iv‡ci A_© n‡jv gvK©mev`x Ges bvixev`x cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi cÖfve Ges i¶Ykxj L„w÷q KvVv‡gv †_‡K we‡”Q` hv A`¨vewa †kKm&cxqixq mgv‡jvPbvi Ici KZ…©Z¡ K‡i Avm‡Q| PZz_©Z Ges †klZ, MÖwš’K we‡k­l‡Yi Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc HwZwn¨K G¨v‡cÖv‡Pi mgv‡jvPbv‡K wPwýZ K‡i †hLv‡b GwU D†cw¶Z n‡Z cv‡ibv| 'Cultural Materialism' kã `y‡Uvi †fZ‡i 'Culture' ej‡Z ms¯‹…wZi mKj iƒc h_v, †Uwjwfkb, RbwcÖq m½xZ Ges Dcb¨vm cÖf…wZ eySvq| A_©vr, GB G¨v‡cÖvPwU †KejgvÎ D”P mvs¯‹…wZK K‡g©i †fZ‡iB wb‡R‡K mxgve× iv‡Lbv, h_v: †kKm&cxqixq bvUK| g¨v‡UwiqvwjRg AvBwWqvwjR‡gi wecixZ A_© wb‡`©k K‡i| GKwU Av`k©ev`x wek¦vm n‡jv †h, D”P ms¯‹…wZ †gavex cÖvwZw¯^K g‡bi gy³ Ges ¯^vaxb †Ljv| c¶vš—‡i, e¯‘ev`x wek¦vm n‡jv †h, ms¯‹…wZ e¯‘ev`x kw³ Ges Drcv`‡bi m¤úK©‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| KvjPvi †KejgvÎ A_©‰bwZK Ges ivR‰bwZK c×wZi cÖwZdjbB bq wKsev bq Gi †_‡K ¯^vaxb| g¨v‡UwiqvwjR‡gi Ici GB mKj gš—e¨ gvK©mev`x mgv‡jvPbvi cÖavb w`K¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡i|

KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjRg Zvi `„wófw½i A‡bKLvwbB MÖnY K‡i‡Q weªwUk evgcš’x mgv‡jvPK †igÛ DBwjqvg‡mi wbKU †_‡K| dz‡Kvi wWm‡Kv‡m©i avibvi cwie‡Z© DBwjqvgm ÔAbyf‚wZi KvVv‡gvmg~nÕ (structures of feeling) AwfavwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G¸‡jv hvwcZ Ges Abyf‚Z nIqv A_© I g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_ mswk­ó| Abyf‚wZi KvVv‡gvmg~n cÖvqkB g~j¨‡eva I wek¦v‡mi cÖKvk¨ c×wZmg~n Ges GKwU mgv‡Ri cÖavb Av`k©mg~‡ni we‡ivax| Zv‡`i‡K ˆewkó¨m~PKfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨ cvIqv hvq Ges Zviv we`¨gvb mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| Gi djvdj GB †h, mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev` cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢vebvq A‡bK †ewk Avkvev`x Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv mvwnZ¨‡K we‡ivavÍK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Drm wn‡k‡e †`L‡Z AvMÖnx| mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev` we‡kl K‡i eZ©gvb‡K coevi R‡b¨ AZx‡Zi e¨envi mshy³ K‡i; AZx‡Zi hv wKQy Avgiv ¸i“Z¡`v‡bi wKsev `g‡bi R‡b¨ cQ›` Kwi Zvi Øviv Avgv‡`i wbR mgv‡Ri ivRbxwZ cÖKvk K‡i|

mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev`x mgv‡jvPK‡`i Kvh©cÖYvjx‡K wb‡æv³fv‡e wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

cÖ_gZ, Zuviv mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷ Ggbfv‡e c‡ob †h‡bv Avgiv Zvi BwZnvm cybi“×v‡i mg_© nB| wØZxqZ, Zuviv †UK‡÷i gvK©mev`x Ges bvixev`x c‡_i mw¤§jb NUvb| Z…ZxqZ, Zuviv Aš—i½ we‡k­l‡Yi wewea †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡ib Ges cÖvqkB KvVv‡gvev`x Ges DËi-KvVv‡gvev`x ˆkjx cÖhy³ K‡ib| PZz_©Z, Zviv cÖavYZ Kvby‡bi HwZwn¨K avibvi †fZ‡iB KvR K‡ib GB wfwËg~‡j †h, AwaKZi `y‡e©va¨ †UK÷ m¤ú‡K© iPbv K`vwPr GKwU Kvh©Ki ivR‰bwZK ga¨¯’Zv MVb K‡i| mvs¯‹…wZK e¯‘ev` ¸i“Z¡c~Y G Kvi‡Y †h, GwU bqv evg weªwUk gvK©mev` †_‡K DrmvwiZ MwZ‡K RvqMv w`‡q‡Q Ges DcwiKvVv‡gvi Av`wk©K mgv‡jvPbvq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q‡Q| welqwU GB gvÎvq DËi-gvK©mev`x †h, Zv Zvi cÖ‡f‡`i ivRbxwZ‡Z Avi †Kv‡bvg‡ZB †kªYx‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`q bv| AmsL¨ gvK©mev`x wbðqZvi aviYv‡K P¨v‡jÄ Kievi R‡b¨ bvixev`, DËi-Jcwb‡ewkKZvev`, ˆjw½K cVb cÖf…wZ cÖc `„k¨c‡U Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q|⁸

wbD wn÷wiwmRg I KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjR‡gi cÖK…wZ, cÖZ¨q Ges Kvh©cÖYvjx ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wbtm‡›`‡n G K_vi cÖwZaŸwb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, AvaywbK mgv‡jvPbvi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges Av‡e`bgq Av‡›`vjb n‡jv wbD wn÷wiwmRg Ges KvjPvivj g¨v‡UwiqvwjRg|⁹

D‡j­LcwÄ:

1.     Peck, John Coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticism Second edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„-182

2.     cÖv¸³, c„-183

3.     Cuddon J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third edition. USA: Penguin Books, 1992, c„-584

4.     Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory, An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. N.Y: Manchester University Press, First Published 1995, c„-172

5.     cÖv¸ß c„-179

6.     Peck, John Coyle, Martin. Literary Terms and Criticism Second edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1993, c„-183

7.     Wilson, Scott. Cultural Materialiasm. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1995, c„.3

8.     cÖv¸³, c„.- ix

9.     Kieranan, Pyran. (ed.) New Historicism and Cultural Materialism: A Reader, Great Britain: Arnold, 1996.

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