Stylistics:Linguistics

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÷vBwjw÷K&m: mvwnZ¨ cV‡b fvlvweÁvb

GKwU mgv‡jvPbv cš’v hv mvwnwZ¨K †UK‡÷i we‡k­l‡Yi †¶‡Î fvlvweÁv‡bi (Linguistics) c×wZ I Avwe®‹vimg~n e¨envi K‡i, Zv‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K ÷vBwjw÷K&m (Stylistics)| 'Linguistics' ej‡Z GLv‡b ¯^Zš¿ fvlvmg~n †kLevi K_v eySv‡bv nqwb, eis fvlv Ges Zvi KvVv‡gvi ˆeÁvwbK Aa¨q‡bi K_vB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ÷vBwjw÷K&m wek kZ‡K weKwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges Gi j¶ n‡jv wKfv‡e GKwU mvwnZ¨K‡g©i cÖv‡qvwMK fvlvZvwË¡ ˆewkó¨mg~n Zvi mvgwMÖK A_© Ges Kg©d‡j f‚wgKv iv‡L, Zv †`Lv‡bv|¹

÷vBwjw÷K&m Avm‡jB mgv‡jvPbv Z‡Ë¡i †Kv‡bv iƒc wKbv †m e¨vcv‡i Gš—vi gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| mv¤úÖwZK mgv‡jvPbv Z‡Ë¡i AwaKvsk msKjbB G‡K mgv‡jvPbv ZË¡ wn‡k‡e MÖvn¨ K‡i wb| Gi KviY m¤¢eZ ÷vBwjw÷K&‡mi †cQ‡bi ZvwË¡K `„wófw½i cªK…wZ| D`vi gvbeZvev‡`i (Liberal Humanism) mv‡_ Gi A‡bK wgj _vKvq m¤¢eZ GgbwU fvev n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Kvh©Z Zv wVK bq| e¯‘Z, 1960-Gi `k‡Ki w`‡K, mvaviYfv‡e D`vi gvbeZvev` Ges ZË¡mg~‡ni †fZi ‰eixZvi cÖv`yf©v‡ei Aš—Z GK `kK Av‡MB ÷vBwjw÷K&m Ges D`vi gvbeZvev` msNvZiZ wQ‡jv| ZvQvov ÷vBwjw÷K&m mgv‡jvPbv Z‡Ë¡i Ab¨vb¨ iƒc¸‡jv †_‡K c„_K G Kvi‡Y †h, Zv A‡c¶ev`‡K (relativism) cÖwZnZ K‡i‡Q, †h A‡c¶ev` Ab¨vb¨ ZvwË¡K wWm‡Kvm©¸‡jvi PvwjKv kw³| me©ÎB ZvwË¡‡Kiv †hLv‡b wel‡qi mgMÖev`xZv, wbw`©óZv wKsev Acwinvh©Zv mÁv‡b cwinvi Ki‡Q, †Kv‡bv wKQyi P‚ovš— g~j¨vq‡bi K_v fve‡Q bv, fve‡Q †Kej `„wófw½i K_v †h¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avevi AvswkK; ÷vBwjw÷K&m †mLv‡b cÖZ¨¶ev`x (positivist) `„wófw½ †_‡K m‡i `uvov‡”Q bv| A_©vr, ÷vBwjw÷K&m ˆbe©¨w³K AbymÜv‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ evwn¨K cÖcÂmg~‡ni AwfÁZvev`x Z`‡š—i gva¨‡g Ávb msMÖ‡n AwePj wek¦vmx| hvB †nvK, bvbv Kvi‡YB ÷vBwjw÷K&m‡K nq‡Zv ¯^Zš,¿ cÖvwZw¯^K MY¨ Kiv hvq, wKš‘ Zv‡K A-ZvwË¡K g‡b Kievi m¤¢eZ GKwU KviYI †bB| GB gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb wcUvi †eix Zuvi Beginning Theory MÖ‡š’|

÷vBwjw÷K&m †Kewj mvwnZ¨-we‡k­l‡Yi g‡a¨B mxgve× bq| GwU mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨vg~jK M`¨, ivR‰bwZK e³…Zv, weÁvcb cÖf…wZi †¶‡Î| Gfv‡e GwU g‡b K‡i †h, mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨vcvi bq| wKfv‡e cÖfve m„wó nq Zv ms‡¶‡c cÖKvk Ki‡Z mvwnwZ¨K fvlv Ab¨v‡b¨i g‡ZvB we‡k­wlZ n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y ÷vBwjw÷K&m mvwnwZ¨K fvlvq †Kv‡bv we‡kl inm¨RbK ‰ewkó¨vejx‡K mZ¨ e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| GwU cweÎ wKsev kª‡×q bq; mnRfv‡e GwU †mB DcvË hvi Ici e¨env‡ii R‡b¨ c×wZ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|

GK A‡_© ÷vBwjw÷K&m‡K cyi‡bv Aj¼vi kv‡¯¿i (rhetoric) AvaywbK ms¯‹iY g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU wk¶v †`q, wKfv‡e hyw³‡K KvVv‡gv †`qv hvq, wKfv‡e evK¨vj¼v‡ii Kvh©Ki cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv hvq Ges wKfv‡e m‡e©v”P cÖfve m„wó Ki‡Z evPb (speech) wKsev iPbvKg©‡K m•Ne× Kiv hvq| ga¨h‡yM Aj¼vi kv¯¿ Pv‡P©i R‡b¨, AvBb †ckvi R‡b¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK I KzU‰bwZK Rxe‡bi R‡b¨ gvbyl‡K wk¶v`v‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| wKš‘ e„wËg~jK D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡q µ‡g Zv fvlvi Dcwi KvVv‡gv Aa¨q‡bi bxim I cÖ‡qvMxq Abykxj‡bi AcRvZ nq| Gi PP©vKvix‡`i cvwÛZ¨vwfgvbx `„wófw½ cÖvqkB Pmvi, †kKm&cxqi Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Dcnv‡mi welq wQ‡jv| mgMÖ Dwbk kZK a‡i ga¨hy‡Mi GB †i‡Uvwi‡Ki avibv fvlvweÁv‡bi †fZ‡i cÖhy³ nq| †m mg‡q fvlvweÁvb (Linguistics) 'Philology' wn‡k‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jv Ges cÖeYZvi w`K †_‡K cÖvq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c HwZnvwmK (historical) wQ‡jv| fvlvmg~‡ni weeZ©b, Zv‡`i Avš—tm¤úK© Ges DrcwËi Aa¨qb‡K philology Aš—f©~³ K‡iwQ‡jv| wKš‘ wek kZ‡K wdj‡jvwRi GB HwZnvwmK †SuvK †_‡K `~‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| GB Av‡›`vj‡b fvlv wKfv‡e c×wZ wn‡k‡e MwVZ nq wKsev KvVv‡gve× nq A_©vr, wKfv‡e A_© cÖwZwôZ nq Ges eRvq _v‡K, †m wel‡qi Ici g‡bv‡hvM †`qv nq| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ¯^íKvj c‡i mvwnZ¨ ˆkjx (style) Ges Zvi djvd‡j GK ai‡bi bZzb AvMÖ‡ni m~ÎcvZ N‡U| 1920-Gi `k‡K iƒk KvVv‡gvev`x‡`i (Russian Formalists) Kv‡R Ges cÖvM wj½yBw÷K mv‡K©‡ji †bZv †PK fvlvweÁvbx †ivgvb R¨vKem‡bi Kv‡R j¶ Kiv hvq| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci R¨vKemb Av‡gwiKvq emevm K‡ib| 1958 mv‡j BwÛqvbv wek¦we`¨vj‡q ˆkjxi Ic‡i GK weL¨vZ Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| 1960 mv‡j Style in Language wn‡k‡e Zvi Kvh©weeiYx cÖKvwkZ nq| m¤úv`bv K‡ib Ugvm-†mweqK| GB Kbdv‡i‡Ý Ab¨v‡b¨i g‡a¨ R¨vKem‡bi mgvcbx e¨¨L¨v j¶Yxq wQ‡jv hv mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î fvlvweÁvb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Bw½Z †`q: Ò†cv‡qwUK&‡mi Kvievi n‡jv evPwbK KvVv‡gvi mgm¨v wb‡q; fvlvweÁvb †h‡nZz evPwbK KvVv‡gvi ˆewk¦K weÁvb, ZvB †cv‡qwUK&m fvlvweÁv‡bi GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡k‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|Ó (Aek¨ Ô†cv‡qwUK&mÕ ej‡Z GLv‡b mvwn‡Z¨i Aa¨vqb‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q, KweZv‡K bq)|² †mweqK m¼j‡bi mvivrmvi n‡jv GB `vex †h, fvlvweÁvb mvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi GKwU AwaKZi welqMZ Dcvq Dcnvi †`q|

1980-Gi `kK ch©š—,ÔwWm‡Kvm© we‡k­lYÕ (discourse analysis) bv‡g GKwU fvebv-Dbœqb fvlvZ‡Ë¡i Afve‡eva K‡iwQ‡jv hvi m¤ú‡K© †n‡jb †fÛjvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| GB Dbœqb iPbvi m¤ú~Y© Askmg~‡ni KvVv‡gvi Ici gš—e¨ Kievi R‡b¨ Ges Zv we‡k­l‡Yi R‡b¨ fvlvZË¡‡K mg_©b Ki‡Zv| Gi A_© A-fvlvweÁvbxiv fvlv-ˆeÁvwbK cÖe‡Üi Avwe®‹vimg~‡ni cÖwZ wKQyUv AvMÖnx n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges hyMcr, fvlv weÁvbxiv Giƒc mvgMÖx iPbvi †¶‡Î A-fvlv ˆeÁvwbK mvgMÖxi mv‡_ civgk© Kivi Ges Zv Aš—f©~³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| wbwðZfv‡e 1980-Gi `k‡K Gi cwiYwZ‡Z D™¢‚Z nq Ggwb GK cÖc hv‡K ejv n‡qwQ‡jv Ôbqv ÷vBwjw÷K&mÕ (new sytlistics) hvi wQ‡jv mviMÖvnxZvi GK mxgve× gvÎv| Gi †fZ‡i Ab¨vb¨ bqv ai‡bi mgv‡jvPbvi Avwe®‹vimg~n †hgb: bvixev`x, KvVv‡gvev`x, DËi-KvVv‡gvev`x cÖf…wZ Uvbv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘, mv¤úÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z ÷vBwjw÷K&‡mi PvB‡Z KvVv‡gvev` Ges DËi-KvVv‡gvev`‡KB mgv‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î HwZwn¨K g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ e‡ov ûgwK wn‡k‡e mPivPi †`Lv hv‡”Q|

÷vBwjw÷K&m wel‡qi e¯‘wbô I ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i hv ev¯—e DcvË Ges c×wZMZ Dcv‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj| A_P cÖ_vMZ Nwbô cV‡bi †¶‡Î AwfÁZvev`x Ges ¯^Ávev`x cš’v j¶ Kiv hvq| Nwbô cVb (close reading) †hLv‡b mvwnwZ¨K fvlv Ges mvaviY evPb m¤úÖ`v‡qi fvlvi †fZiZKvi cv_©‡K¨i Ici ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i, mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷‡K wbtm½ K‡i GKwU weï× bv›`wbK wkíKg© wKsev evPwbK cÖZxgv (verbal icon) wn‡k‡e †`L‡Z Pvq hvi fvlv Zvi wbR¯^ wbq‡gB wµqvkxj _v‡K ; ÷vBwjw÷K&m †mLv‡b mvwnwZ¨K fvlv Ges ˆ`bw›`b fvlvi ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i Ici ¸i“Z¡ †`q|

÷vBwjw÷K&m wbweo cV‡bi PvB‡Z ˆeRbvwbK e¯‘wbôZv‡K AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ †`q Ges g‡b K‡i †h, Zvi wbR¯^ c×wZ I Kvh©cÖYvjxmg~n mevi ØvivB AwR©Z wKsev mevi R‡b¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y, Gi D‡Ïk¨ AskZ mvwnZ¨ Ges mgv‡jvPbv Df‡qiB we-inm¨xKiY (demystification)| Gfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î ÷vBwjw÷K&‡mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mvwnwZ¨K fvlv Ges wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ iƒ‡ci ga¨Kvi avivevwnKZv †`Lv‡bv| mgv‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î Gi j¶ n‡jv GKcÖ¯’ Kvh©cÖYvjx mieivn Kiv †h¸‡jv cÖKv‡k¨ mevi Kv‡Q AwfMg¨| ÷vBwjw÷K&m me©`vB †KejgvÎ ¯^Zš¿ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i e¨vL¨v m¤úwK©Z bq| hLb GwU mivmwi MÖwš’K e¨vL¨v‡bi mv‡_ mswk­ó _v‡K, ZLb cÖvqkB `y‡e©va¨ fvlvZvwË¡K Dcv‡Ëi mvnv‡h¨ mvaviY cvVK‡`i Awfe¨w³ev`x avibv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i| Gfv‡e †nwgsI‡qi GKwU †Qv‡UvMí co‡Z wM‡q Avgiv G ai‡bi GKwU Awfe¨w³ Luvov Ki‡Z cvwi †h, †nwgsI‡qi GKwU mnR ˆkjx Av‡Q, hv LyeB wewkó| ÷vnwjw÷wkqvbiv Av‡iv mywbw`©ó nIqvi †Póv Ki‡e: Zv‡`i cÖkœ n‡e ÒÔmnRÕ ej‡Z Avgiv Avm‡j wK eywS?Ó

÷vBwjw÷wkqvbiv fvlv-ˆeÁvwbK (linguistic) mv‡¶¨i wfwˇZ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i bZzb e¨vL¨v cÖ¯—ve K‡i| †UK‡÷i fvlvZvwË¡K ˆewkó¨mg~‡ni mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© nevi R‡b¨ ÷Šnwjw÷K&m we‡kl `¶Zv Avbqb K‡i Ges DcKi‡Yi GKwU gvwÎKZv †`L‡Z cvq hvi m¤ú‡K© mvaviY cvVK AewnZ bq| GB gvwÎKZv Avevi Ggb DcKiY aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Avgv‡`i G mvwnZ¨K‡g©i e¨vL¨vb‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

÷vBwjw÷wkqvbiv wKfv‡e mvwnwZ¨K A_© MwVZ nq, Zvi m¤ú‡K© mvaviY Ae¯’v cÖwZwôZ Kivi †Póv K‡i| G‡¶‡Î welqwU n‡jv: Ab¨ mKj mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi cš’vi g‡Zv ÷vBwjw÷K&m †KejgvÎ ¯^Zš¿ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i cÖwZ AvMÖnx bq| eis wKfv‡e mvwnZ¨ KvR K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© A‡bK †ewk mvaviY cÖkœgvjvi cÖwZ AvMÖnx _v‡K| `„óvš—¯^iƒc, fvlv weRbvbxiv hyw³ †`Lvq †h, Avavi I Av‡aq (form and content) Df‡qi Av‡jv‡KB mvwnwZ¨K cÖfve iwPZ nq|

÷vBwjw÷K mgv‡jvPK‡`i Kvh©cÖYvjx‡K ms‡¶‡c wb‡æv³fv‡e web¨¯— Kiv hvq:

GK. Zviv †UK‡÷i fvlvi cÖv‡qvwMK w`¸‡jv eY©bv K‡i,-- †hgb e¨vKiwYK KvVv‡gvmg~n Ges Zvici e¨vL¨vi †¶‡Î †mB DcvË e¨envi K‡i|

`yB. GwU Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GKwU mvwnwZ¨K †UK÷ m¤ú‡K we`¨gvb cVb Ges cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K mg_©b Kivi R‡b¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv mvaviYfv‡e e¯‘wbô fvlvZvwË¡K DcvË mieivn Kiv|

wZb. Ab¨ mg‡q Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv bZzb cVb (reading) cÖwZwôZ Kiv, hv †KejgvÎ wKsev cÖavbZ, †mB fvlvZvwË¡K Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i Ges we`¨gvb cVb- cÖwµqv‡K P¨v‡jÄ wKsev Zvi wei“×vPviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Pvi. wKfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨ A_© MwVZ nq, Zvi cÖv‡qvwMK weeiY GKwU mvwe©K cÖK‡íi Ask hv †`Lvq †h, we‡k­lY- ewnf©~Z mvwn‡Z¨i †Kv‡bv Awbe©Pbxq I inm¨RbK Aš—t¯’j †bB, eis GwU mvaviY wWm‡Kvm©-we‡k¦i (Universe of discourse) Ask Ges Ab¨ ai‡bi fvlv-e¨envi wn‡k‡e GKB †KŠkj I Dcvq e¨envi K‡i|

cuvP. GB D‡Ï‡k¨ ÷vBwjw÷K&m mvwnZ¨-e¨vL¨vi Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K mxgve× K‡i bv Ges cÖvqkB mvwnwZ¨K Ges Ab¨ ai‡bi wWm‡Kvm©‡K cvkvcvwk ¯’vcb K‡i| `„óvš—¯^iƒc, KweZvq e¨eüZ fvlvZvwË¡K DcKiY¸‡jvi mv‡_ weÁvcb¸‡jvi Zzjbvi K_v D‡j­L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Qq. wb‡Ri j¶ AR©‡bi R‡b¨ mvgwMÖKfv‡e wKfv‡e †UK÷ KvR K‡i, Zv we‡ePbv K‡i Ges GB D‡Ïk¨mg~‡n Ae`vbi¶K fvlvZvwË¡K ˆewk󨸇jv cix¶v K‡i ÷vBwjw÷K&m ÔevK¨ e¨vKi‡YiÕ (sentence rammar) evB‡i Ô†UK÷ e¨vKi‡YiÕ (text grammar) w`‡K avweZ nq|³

D‡j­LcwÄ:

1.     Peter, Barry. Beginning Theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory. N.Y: Manchester University Press, First publisdhed 1995, c„-202

2.     cÖv¸³, c„-205

3.     cÖv¸³, c…-213, 214

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